Trip Four- The McDowell Mountains- Click to
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Map to the McDowells
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A very nice campsite, complete with burgers on the grill!
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Day one, catching some sun.
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Delicate footwork for Wil!
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Angie and Micheal on Second Pitch
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Angie- dorm advisor for OCRS
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Angie
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Team one at the top of pitch one
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Team two at the top of pitch one!
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Hunter on pitch two- way to go!
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Matt and will as a team 250 ft. up!
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Nate Davis - Our fearless guide
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Nate Leading Pitch 2- Nice footwork!
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Nate is leading off the belay onto the second pitch.
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The boys- Looking solid!
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Matt and Will
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And yes a 'Mountain Range' does have specific
requirements to qualify:
moun'tain range"
1. a series of more or less connected mountains ranged
in a line.
2. a series of mountains, or of more or less parallel
lines of mountains, closely related, as in origin.
3. an area in which the greater part of the land surface
is in considerable degree of slope, upland summits are
small or narrow, and there are great differences in
elevations within the area (commonly over 2000 ft., or
610 m). |
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No clear consensus emerged on the definition
of the “mountain,” or of the “hill,” however.
*The search for THE definition of mountains either doesn’t matter or is
an exercise in futility. No matter how useful it would be to lawmakers
to have a definition for “pornography,” none has ever proved workable.
That’s a damned good thing. And the same goes for “mountain.”
*Geologists, soil scientists, hydrologists
and other physical and biological sciences need to adopt naming
conventions that facilitate research and scholarly discourse. Others
have definitions as per the requirements of their disciplines. Rather
than we define what a mountain or hill is, let us ask the local people
*People’s perception of the differences
between hills and mountains are locality-specific or context-specific.
In Nepal the general distinction is “hills” are green and mountain are
“snow-covered.” This distinction based on color, however, is not
universally applicable.
*Let us not give a new definition but accept
the existing names and describe the specific features according to the
purpose let us not tie ourselves down to a rule that goes beyond what we
have been following for years and years;
*How do we define hills and mountains from
the human point of view (not just cold scientific point of view)? Can we
define hills from mountains by the cultures that live on them? I feel
that defining hills and mountains without considering the human cultures
that live on them as a vital parameter, is a gross under-definition. The
human network in hills and mountains combined, is not as static an
element as elevation and vegetation-type and geological make-up, but is
rather a very dynamic and unavoidable part of what mountains and hills
are.
Something like definitions
*Hills may go as high up as 3,000 feet
(about 1,000 m), with grassy, scrub and broad-leaf vegetation, while a
mountain may be higher than that with pine forests and snow-covered
peaks.
*Han Hunni in “Sustainable Management of
Natural Resources in African and Asia Mountains” (Royal Swedish Academy
of Science 1999, Ambio, Vol 28, No 5, August 1999) gives altitude and
slope as the two major criteria for the physical definition of a
mountain eco-region. As these two factors influence the climate,
vegetation, soil formation and hydrological processes, the most
significant difference between mountain area and lowland is the abrupt
changes in vegetation. At any latitude, the hill area is not high enough
to show a significant change in vegetation, whereas mountain area is
high enough to demonstrate various vegetation belts.
*From the kind of analysis that Mr. Hurni
carried out, I believe relief maps of the terrain (characteristics) are
important, not the names of the terrain (not the terms).
*To my understanding hills and mountains are
elevated features of the earth’s surface the standard measure of which
is ‘altitude’. There is an indirect relationship between altitude and
vegetation, but a direct relationship between climatic conditions
(temperature and humidity) and vegetation. The climatic conditions
change with altitude at the same grid location (higher the altitude
lower the temperature), thus influencing the vegetation. The climatic
conditions also change with ‘latitude’ at the same altitude (generally
temperature decreases from equator to poles), thus influencing the
vegetation. (From Hurni’s definition it appears as if there will be
similar vegetation at 500 m altitude all over the world, but this is not
so.)
*One definition I read in a geomorphology
text years ago was that a mountain is a landform that rises 3000 feet
vertically over a distance of 1 mile.
*Grade-6 teacher’s definition of how people
in his village in Pakistan differentiated the two: “Hills are those
landforms having more sand/soft texture of soil irrespective of height
and with good vegetation; whereas the mountains contain more hard rocks
irrespective of height.”
*Grade-6 teacher’s definition based on
texture doesn’t cut it either. There are plenty of “hard hills” and
bountiful vegetation in the Himalaya can extend quite a bit higher than
the highest Swiss Alps. In any case, hills are often parts of mountains.
Are we going to say a feature is a hill up to a certain point and then
becomes a mountain? Or perhaps that the front of a lump is, according to
the anthrocentric definition, a hill, while the backside is a mountain?
And what do we do about the fact that hills may be growing into or
ground down from mountains?
*Platforms and hills correspond to the
200-500 m mean elevation class and have a greater degree of roughness
(RR>20%). Plateaus (16.8 M km2), with mean elevations between 500 and
6000 m, have a medium degree of roughness (RR from 5 to 40%). Mountains
(33.3 M km2) are differentiated from hills by their higher mean
elevation, (>500 m), and from plateaus by their greater roughness (>20%
then >40%) in each elevation class. Accordingly, Tibet and the Altiplano
are very high plateaus, not mountains. (Source: Meybeck M., Green P.,
Vorosmart C. A New Typology for Mountains and Other Relief Classes: An
Application to Global Continental Water Resources and Population
Distribution, MRD Journal, Vol.21.1, pp 34-45)
I am reminded of Justice Potter Stewart’s
remark in conjunction with Jacobellis v. Ohio (1964): “I can’t define
pornography, but I know it when I see it.” The same paradox pertains in
much of language. What is “good,” “ugly,” “fast”? How do we delimit the
concept of “table” around the edges? When does a “village” become a
“town” and a “town” become a “city”?
Language only works because of the fuzzy nature of our logic.
Why exactly do we need a definition of “mountain”? Do we need to keep
the Australian Alps and the White Mountains of New Hampshire off the
agenda at our conferences? Are we wasting our time if we let the
Tibetologists discuss their flat highlands? Will our deliberations be
side-tracked if we consider seamounts that rise 30,000 feet from the
ocean floor but look like mere knolls from the landlubber’s perspective?
The fact is that there are an unlimited number of reasons for studying
mountains, and the features which are pertinent to one agenda may be
irrelevant to another. There are respects in which Mt. Washington (2000
m) and can be more usefully compared to Mt Everest than can any 4000 m
Himalayan promontory. Why should this be a problem?
Clearly, it will often be necessary for us to define the terms we use...
in the context that we wish them to be understood. And the next time
somebody else will use the same words in other ways. This is inherent in
the nature of words. No matter how useful it would be to lawmakers to
have a definition for “pornography,” none has ever proved workable.
That’s a damned good thing. And the same goes for “mountain.”
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